Anti Plant Virus Mod
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However, sulfation can also affect the anti-viral activities of marine algal polysaccharides. For example, sulphated polysaccharides from Gracilaria tenuistipitata exhibit significantly lower anti-viral activity than their parent polysaccharides [85]. In addition, Yang et al. found that the antiviral activities of a sulfated polysaccharide fraction from Gracilaria lemaneiformis against H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes of influenza A virus are at a lower level compared with those of the parent polysaccharides [109]. However, the antiviral activities of C. lemaneiformis polysaccharides against influenza B virus are significantly higher than those of the parent polysaccharides [109]. The possible cause is that the sulfate groups of the sulfated polysaccharides may reduce the antiviral activity against H1N1 subtype virus, while they can increase the antiviral activity against H3N2 subtype virus [109].
Marine algal polysaccharides are generally produced as sulfated polysaccharides and sulfate groups usually account for about 50% of their molecular weight. Their sulfate groups are located on the side chain of the molecule, and the higher the sulfate content, the more effective the polysaccharide sulfation [106,107]. Zhang et al. found that marine sulfated polysaccharides have a significant antiviral activity against the H5N1 and H7N9 subtypes of the avian influenza virus [91]. It was reported that -sulfated polysaccharide fractions from red algae can strongly inhibit the replication of H1N1 virus [108].
Viral reverse transcriptase catalyzes the conversion of HIV's single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) into double-stranded DNA [105], and plays a critical role in the replication of HIV in host cells [106,107,108]. Therefore, the inhibition of viral reverse transcriptase can reduce the replication of virus in host cells. Therefore, this section will review the antiviral actions of marine polysaccharides against HIV and HBV. This section will focus on the inhibitory effects of marine polysaccharides on the first step (integration) of the life cycle of these viruses, and the inhibition effects on other steps of the life cycle will not be discussed here. In addition, marine polysaccharides show a certain anti-HIV activity (shown in table 3), however, some of them show no effects (shown in table 2).
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