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The format of audio and video media files is defined in two parts (three if a file has both audio and video in it, of course): the audio and/or video codecs used and the media container format (or file type) used. In this guide, we'll look at the container formats used most commonly on the web, covering basics about their specifications as well as their benefits, limitations, and ideal use cases.
While there are a vast number of media container formats, the ones listed below are the ones you are most likely to encounter. Some support only audio while others support both audio and video. The MIME types and extensions for each are listed. The most commonly used containers for media on the web are probably MPEG-4 (MP4), QuickTime Movie (MOV), and the Wavefile Audio File Format (WAV). However, you may also encounter MP3, Ogg, WebM, AVI, and other formats. Not all of these are broadly supported by browsers, however; some combinations of container and codec are sometimes given their own file extensions and MIME types as a matter of convenience, or because of their ubiquity. For example, an Ogg file with only an Opus audio track is sometimes referred to as an Opus file, and might even have the extension .opus. But it's still actually just an Ogg file.
The Free Lossless Audio Codec (FLAC) is a lossless audio codec; there is also an associated simple container format, also called FLAC, that can contain this audio. The format is not encumbered by any patents, so its use is safe from interference. FLAC files can only contain FLAC audio data.
The MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 file formats are essentially identical. Created by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG), these formats are widely used in physical media, including as the format of the video on DVD media.
On the internet, perhaps the most common use of the MPEG file format is to contain Layer_III/MP3 sound data; the resulting files are the wildly popular MP3 file used by digital music devices around the world. Otherwise, MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 are not widely used in Web content.
MPEG-4 (MP4) is the latest version of the MPEG file format. There are two versions of the format, defined in parts 1 and 14 of the specification. MP4 is a popular container today, as it supports several of the most-used codecs and is broadly supported.
The original MPEG-4 Part 1 file format was introduced in 1999; the version 2 format, defined in Part 14, was added in 2003. The MP4 file format is derived from the ISO base media file format, which is directly derived from the QuickTime file format developed by Apple.
The QuickTime file format (QTFF, QT, or MOV) was created by Apple for use by its media framework of the same name. The extension for these files, .mov, comes from the fact that the format was initially used for movies and was usually called the "QuickTime movie" format. While QTFF served as the basis for the MPEG-4 file format, there are differences and the two are not quite interchangeable.
On Mac OS, the QuickTime framework not only supported QuickTime format movie files and codecs, but supported a vast array of popular and specialty audio and video codecs, as well as still image formats. Through QuickTime, Mac applications (including web browsers, through the QuickTime plugin or direct QuickTime integration) were able to read and write audio formats including AAC, AIFF, MP3, PCM, and Qualcomm PureVoice; and video formats including AVI, DV, Pixlet, ProRes, FLAC, Cinepak, 3GP, H.261 through H.265, MJPEG, MPEG-1 and MPEG-4 Part 2, Sorenson, and many more.
The Waveform Audio File Format (WAVE), usually referred to as WAV due to its filename extension being .wav, is a format developed by Microsoft and IBM to store audio bitstream data.
It is derived from the Resource Interchange File Format (RIFF), and as such is similar to other formats such as Apple's AIFF. The WAV codec registry can be found at RFC 2361; however, because nearly all WAV files use linear PCM, support for the other codecs is sparse.
Now that MP3's patents have all expired, the choice of audio file format has become much easier to make. It's no longer necessary to choose between MP3's broad compatibility and the need to pay royalties when using it.
To optimize compatibility, it's worth considering providing more than one version of media files, using the element to specify each source within the or element. For example, you can offer an Ogg or WebM video as the first choice, with a fallback in MP4 format. You could even choose to offer a retro-like QuickTime or AVI fallback for good measure.
\n The format of audio and video media files is defined in two parts (three if a file has both audio and video in it, of course): the audio and/or video codecs used and the media container format (or file type) used.\n In this guide, we'll look at the container formats used most commonly on the web, covering basics about their specifications as well as their benefits, limitations, and ideal use cases.\n
\n While there are a vast number of media container formats, the ones listed below are the ones you are most likely to encounter.\n Some support only audio while others support both audio and video.\n The MIME types and extensions for each are listed. The most commonly used containers for media on the web are probably MPEG-4 (MP4), QuickTime Movie (MOV), and the Wavefile Audio File Format (WAV).\n However, you may also encounter MP3, Ogg, WebM, AVI, and other formats.\n Not all of these are broadly supported by browsers, however; some combinations of container and codec are sometimes given their own file extensions and MIME types as a matter of convenience, or because of their ubiquity.\n For example, an Ogg file with only an Opus audio track is sometimes referred to as an Opus file, and might even have the extension .opus.\n But it's still actually just an Ogg file.\n
\n The Free Lossless Audio Codec (FLAC) is a lossless audio codec; there is also an associated simple container format, also called FLAC, that can contain this audio.\n The format is not encumbered by any patents, so its use is safe from interference.\n FLAC files can only contain FLAC audio data.\n
\n The MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 file formats are essentially identical.\n Created by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG), these formats are widely used in physical media, including as the format of the video on DVD media.\n
\n On the internet, perhaps the most common use of the MPEG file format is to contain Layer_III/MP3 sound data; the resulting files are the wildly popular MP3 file used by digital music devices around the world.\n Otherwise, MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 are not widely used in Web content.\n
\n MPEG-4 (MP4) is the latest version of the MPEG file format.\n There are two versions of the format, defined in parts 1 and 14 of the specification.\n MP4 is a popular container today, as it supports several of the most-used codecs and is broadly supported.\n
\n The original MPEG-4 Part 1 file format was introduced in 1999; the version 2 format, defined in Part 14, was added in 2003.\n The MP4 file format is derived from the ISO base media file format, which is directly derived from the QuickTime file format developed by Apple.\n
\n The QuickTime file format (QTFF, QT, or MOV) was created by Apple for use by its media framework of the same name.\n The extension for these files, .mov, comes from the fact that the format was initially used for movies and was usually called the \"QuickTime movie\" format.\n While QTFF served as the basis for the MPEG-4 file format, there are differences and the two are not quite interchangeable.\n
\n On Mac OS, the QuickTime framework not only supported QuickTime format movie files and codecs, but supported a vast array of popular and specialty audio and video codecs, as well as still image formats.\n Through QuickTime, Mac applications (including web browsers, through the QuickTime plugin or direct QuickTime integration) were able to read and write audio formats including AAC, AIFF, MP3, PCM, and Qualcomm PureVoice; and video formats including AVI, DV, Pixlet, ProRes, FLAC, Cinepak, 3GP, H.261 through H.265, MJPEG, MPEG-1 and MPEG-4 Part 2, Sorenson, and many more.\n
\n It is derived from the Resource Interchange File Format (RIFF), and as such is similar to other formats such as Apple's AIFF.\n The WAV codec registry can be found at RFC 2361; however, because nearly all WAV files use linear PCM, support for the other codecs is sparse.\n
\n Now that MP3's patents have all expired, the choice of audio file format has become much easier to make.\n It's no longer necessary to choose between MP3's broad compatibility and the need to pay royalties when using it.\n
\n To optimize compatibility, it's worth considering providing more than one version of media files, using the element to specify each source within the or element.\n For example, you can offer an Ogg or WebM video as the first choice, with a fallback in MP4 format.\n You could even choose to offer a retro-like QuickTime or AVI fallback for good measure.\n
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